Vaping is not an isolated substance use behavior, and combined use with other products may potentiate harms by complicating intervention efforts, strengthening other substances’ effects, and increasing the physiological toll on adolescents. Adding to the negative effects of vaping, vaping nicotine is associated with use of cannabis, alcohol, and several other substances …Given the strong associations between nicotine use and both cannabis use and binge drinking, there is a need for sustained interventions, advertising and promotion restrictions, and national public education efforts to reduce adolescent nicotine vaping, efforts that acknowledge co-occurring use.
‘Street Drugs – The New Addiction Industry’ is a long awaited and vital resource for those who cannot see through the thinly veiled ‘War FOR Drugs’ hiding in plain sight. Elaine Walters OAM is a veteran in the arena of drug education and a relentless advocate for best practice Demand Reduction and drug use exiting recovery. The truths reasserted in this work are an imperative for those who care about the well-being, safety, dignity and potential of our communities and their emerging families. And to remember the words of Aldous Huxley quoted in the book… “Facts do no cease to exist because they are ignored or eclipsed by a thrilling falsehood.”
A drug known as ketamine induces a mental state similar to psychosis in healthy individuals by inhibiting NMDA receptors in the brain. This creates an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory signals in the central nervous system, which affects sensory perception. Experts believe that similar changes in NMDA receptors could be linked to perception changes in schizophrenia.
They found that ketamine increased “background noise” in the brain, making sensory signals less defined or pronounced. This, they noted, may explain the distorted perception of reality among people with schizophrenia or psychosis.
The researchers suggested that their findings mean that the distorted reality experienced in psychosis and schizophrenia may be triggered by more background noise, which in itself may be caused by malfunctioning NMDA receptors causing an imbalance of inhibition and excitation in the brain.
Warning of “history repeating,” researchers list ten problems with psychedelic research that make conclusions about efficacy and safety uncertain. March 20, 2023
Drugs like ketamine, psilocybin (mushrooms), LSD, and MDMA are at the forefront of a new wave of overhyped treatments for mental health problems that may fail to deliver on their promises, according to a new article by researchers Michael van Elk and Eiko Fried at Leiden University, the Netherlands. They write that psychedelic research is plagued by methodological problems that make the efficacy and safety of these drugs uncertain.
Despite the minimal research and its limitations, the drugs have been hyped as “miracle” drugs, with some, like esketamine, even receiving FDA approval—despite failing to beat placebo in five of its six initial efficacy trials (the sixth trial reached statistical, but not clinical, significance). In fact, last year, researchers wrote that the promotion of ketamine/esketamine treatments poses “a significant risk to the public.” In their new article, published before peer review on the preprint server PsyArXiv, van Elk and Fried focus on the top 10 methodological problems rampant in psychedelic research, how these issues undermine the evidence base, and how researchers can avoid them in the future.
“These problems threaten internal validity (treatment effects are due to factors unrelated to the treatment), external validity (lack of generalizability), construct validity (an unclear working mechanism), or statistical conclusion validity (conclusions do not follow from the data and methods),” the researchers write.
Worse, they add, most psychedelic studies feature more than one of these problems, which makes the studies far more unreliable: “These problems tend to co-occur in psychedelic studies, strongly limiting conclusions that can be drawn about the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy.”
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